The creation of manga, a form of Japanese comic or graphic novel, involves a detailed and artistic process that combines storytelling, illustration, and design. Here's a breakdown of how manga is typically made, encompassing both the creative and production aspects:

### 1. **Conceptualization and Storyboarding:**
  - **Scripting:** The process often begins with a script that outlines the storyline, dialogue, and pacing. Mangaka (manga artists) may work alone or collaborate with a writer.
  - **Storyboarding:** Mangaka then create rough sketches or storyboards to visualize the narrative flow and page layouts. This stage is crucial for planning the composition of each page and the overall pacing of the story.

### 2. **Character Design and World Building:**
  - **Character Design:** Artists develop the appearance and personalities of characters. They design protagonists, antagonists, and supporting characters, ensuring their visual representation aligns with the narrative.
  - **World Building:** The setting of the manga, including locations and backgrounds, is established. Consistency in design is crucial to maintain the visual integrity of the story.

### 3. **Penciling:**
  - **Preliminary Drawing:** Artists create detailed pencil sketches based on the storyboards. This stage focuses on refining character expressions, gestures, and the overall look of the scenes.
  - **Page Composition:** Artists pay attention to the layout of panels and the sequencing of events on each page. This stage sets the visual rhythm of the manga.

### 4. **Inking:**
  - **Refinement of Lines:** The penciled drawings are inked to create definitive lines and contours. Inking enhances the clarity of the illustrations and prepares them for the printing process.
  - **Background Detailing:** Intricate details, especially in backgrounds and settings, are added during the inking phase to enrich the visual experience.

### 5. **Screen Tones and Shading:**
  - **Screen Tones:** Manga often uses screen tones, adhesive sheets with varying dot patterns, to add texture and shading. Artists apply these tones to specific areas to create gradients and shadows.
  - **Shading:** Additional hand-drawn shading may be applied to emphasize light sources, depth, and three-dimensional elements.

### 6. **Lettering and Dialogue:**
  - **Placement of Text:** Mangaka add dialogue, sound effects, and narration to the pages. Balancing the placement of text with visual elements is crucial for maintaining a smooth reading experience.
  - **Typography:** Careful consideration is given to the style and size of the text. Different fonts may be used for various characters or situations.

### 7. **Digitalization:**
  - **Scanning:** The completed hand-drawn pages are scanned into a digital format. This digitalization process facilitates further editing and preparation for publication.
  - **Digital Tools:** Many mangaka use digital tools for refining and editing, allowing for adjustments in line thickness, color, and other details.