• FRACTURE 

A fracture is a break or discontinuity in a bone resulting in the failure of the supporting framework of the body. 

• TYPES OF FRACTURES 

There are many kind of fractures. Common types include simple, compound, multiple, comminuted,  , spiral and stress complicated fractures. 

1. Simple Fracture : In a simple fracture, a bone breaks, but the skin over it does not. 
2. Compound Fracture : In a compound fracture, both the bone and skin break, and there is danger of infection. 
3. Multiple Fracture : Multiple fracture means there is more than one fracture in a bone. 
4. Comminuted Fracture : Comminuted fracture means the bone has splintered, or shattered, usually  owing to a crushing injury. 
5. Spiral Fracture : A spiral fracture results when a bone is broken by a twisting force. 
6. Impacted Fracture : When the broken ends of both the bones driven into one another. 

• CAUSES OF FRACTURES 

A fracture can be caused by : 

1. Direct Impact : The bone break by a direct impact of a kick, blow, bullet etc. 
2. Indirect Impact : The bone break at some distant place from the spot of impact. 
3. Forcible Muscular Contraction : Fracture like patella ( knee cap) by contraction of thigh muscle and fracture of ribs by violent coughing may be caused by forcible  contraction. 
4. Diseases of Bones : Some diseases of bones make them weak and easily breakable.

Signs and Symptoms : The signs and symptoms of fractures are : 

1. Loss of power
2. Abnormal mobility 
3. Deformity 
4. Grating sound
5. Pain, swelling and tenderness

• First Aid for Fractures : The first aid measures for fractures are: 

1. Do not meddle with the fracture. 
2. Reassure the patient and make him comfortable. 
3. Keep the patient warm. 
4. Relieve him of discount. And pain. 
5. Apply splints to immobilise the fracture. 

• First Aid for Compound Fracture : The first aid for compound Fracture are : 

1. Do not meddle. 
2. Remove foreign object, if any 
3. Check Bleeding. 
4. Cover the wound. 
5. Apply splints. 
6. Shift to the nearest hospital. 

• DISLOCATION

A dislocation refers to the displacement of one or more bones at a joint. The joints frequently dislocated are shoulder, elbow, thumb, finger and lower jaw. 

1. Signs and symptoms

• Severe pain 
• Swelling at the joint 
• Deformity of joint 
• Loss of power

2. First Aid 

• Do not meddle with the dislocation. 
• Apply cold compress. 
• Immobilise the joint. 
• Take the patient to the nearest hospital. 
• SPRAIN

A Sprain is the wrenching of the ligament and tissues around the joint. 

1.Signs and Symptoms

(I) pain 

(II) Swelling 

(II) Inability to move 

2.First Aid : 

( I) place the joint in a comfortable position and apply a firm bandage. 

(II) Keep the bandage wet with cold water to avoid swelling. 

(III) Gently massage over the muscle and apply a crepe bandage. 

(IV) Give pain killers. 

• STRAINS

A strain refers to the over - stretching of a muscle. 

1.Signs and Symptoms

(I) Sharp pain. 

(II) Exertion in difficult. 

(III) Swelling or servere cramp. 

2.First Aid 

(I) Place the patient in a comfortable position. 

( II) Give cold compress. 

(III) Support the injured part. 

• CREPE BANDAGE

It is a bandage made of elastic material which stretches and bind firmly around the joint and help on reducing swelling and movements at the affected joint, thus minimising pain and giving it rest. It is used in sprains and strain around joints. It can be washed and used again any number if times. 

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