withinside the Indian peninsula.In Attirampakkam close to Chennai, archaeologists from the Sharma Centre for Heritage Education excavated historic stone equipment which endorse that a humanlike populace existed withinside the Tamil Nadu location someplace round 1,000 years earlier than homo sapiens arrived from Africa.A Neolithic stone celt (a handheld axe) with the Indus script on it turned into observed at Sembian-Kandiyur close to Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu. According to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this turned into the primary datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be determined in Tamil Nadu. According to Mahadevan, the discover turned into proof of the usage of the Harappan language, and consequently that the "Neolithic human beings of the Tamil united states of america spoke a Harappan language". The date of the celt turned into expected at among 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE.[14][15][16] In Adichanallur, 24 km (15 mi) from Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons, bones, husks, grains of rice, charred rice, and celts of the Neolithic period, 3,800 years ago.[17] The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site, Tamil Brahmi, is "very rudimentary" and date it someplace among the fifth century BCE and third century BCE.[18][19] About 60 according to cent of the entire epigraphical inscriptions determined through the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and maximum of those are  In Keezhadi close to Madurai, excavations have found out a big city agreement courting to the sixth century BCE, in the course of the time of urbanisation withinside the Gangetic plain. During this dig, a few potsherds had been exposed with a script much like Indus script, main a few to finish it turned into a transition among the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used withinside the Sangam period.The early records of the human beings and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a subject in Tamil literary reassets called Sangam literature. Numismatic, archaeological and literary reassets corroborate that the Sangam duration lasted for approximately 8 centuries, from 500 BCE to three hundred CE. The latest excavations in Alagankulam archaeological web website online indicates that Alagankulam is one of the vital alternate facilities or port towns of the Sangam Era.[30] 
 
Ancient Tamil Nadu contained 3 monarchical states, headed through kings referred to as Vendhar and numerous tribal chieftaincies, headed through the chiefs referred to as through the overall denomination Vel or Velir. Still decrease on the neighborhood stage there had been extended family chiefs referred to as kizhar or mannar.[31] The kings had been called the Moovendar, the 3 topped kings, and had been the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. The Cheras managed the western a part of Tamilkam, what's nowadays western Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Pandyas managed the south, what's nowadays southern Tamil Nadu. The Cholas had their base withinside the Kaveri delta and managed what's nowadays northern Tamil Nadu. Although those dynasties had been by no means conquered through outdoor powers, there had been nonetheless giant diplomatic contacts among them and kingdoms to the north. They had been cited at the pillars of Ashoka.