Fungi is a group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms as yeasts and molds, as well as mushrooms. These organisms are classified separately as a kingdom from the other eukaryotic kingdoms i.e. Animalea, Plantae, Chromista and Protozoa. The main characteristic that fungi have from plants, bacteria, and some protists is the presence of chitin in the cell wall. They  are hetrotrophs which mean they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not have the process of Photosynthesis. They are the principal decomposers in ecological systems.They can reproduce both by sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs through the release of spores or through mycelial fragmentation, which is when the mycelium separates into multiple pieces that grow separately. Sexual reproduction  occurs when separate individuals fuse their hyphae together. Generally multicellular fungi have a haploid stage (having one set of chromosomes), a diploid stage, and a dikaryotic stage where they have two sets of chromosomes but the sets remain separated.

Fungi can grow at pH ranging from 2-8.5 and they require free oxygen for growth. However mostly  fungus favoir to grow in acidic condition. They possess enzymes like amylases, pectinase, proteins and lipase which are hydrologic in nature. They grow slowly in compared to other microorganisms.Mostly they are mesophilic in nature. They released the compounds having fungicides properties or act as a fungicides.

They are divided into four division:

1. Chytridiomycota:  Fungi are usually aquatic and microscopic. Asexual reproduction takes place usually. They produce spores which have flagella i.e. small tail like appendages which helps in movement. Example is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis cause a fungal infection in frogs by burrowing under their skin.
2. Zygomycota: Fyngi that are mainly terrestrial and feed off decaying material. Example is Rhizopus stolonifer, a bread mold. They usually reproduce asexually, through spores. The hyphaeare not separated by septa, making their mycelia essentially one large cell with many nuclei.
3. Ascomycota: They are often pathogens of plants and animals, including humans, causing infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, and ergotism, which causes vomiting, convulsions, hallucinations, and sometimes even death. Some are found inside humans, such as Candida albicans, a yeast which lives in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female reproductive tracts. Ascomycetes reproduce asexually and asexually both. They have reproductive sacs known as asci, which produce sexual spores, but they also reproduce asexually.
4. Basidiomycota: They produce sexual spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia. Which are usually club-shaped, and basidiomycetes are also known as club fungi. Most basidiocytes reproduce sexually. Mushrooms are a common example of basidiomycete.

Fungi have many applications like it have been used as a food for example mushrooms. Mushrooms have been collected and grown mushroom for food for thousands of years.Yeasts are used in bread baking and brewing alcoholic beverages. Some fungi are used as a fermentators for  variety of foods, including soy sauce, tempeh, and cheeses. Some fungi are used to control pathogenic bacteria and insect pests on crops. Fungi reduce the need for pesticides and other toxic chemicals. They are the major source of citric acid and widely used in the production of many antibiotics like penicillin etc. As an industrial purpose they have been widely used for the production of hormones like insulin. Many fungal genomes have been characterised and sequenced they are the model organism for research purpose.