Everyone is unique with their brilliance. Do you know about memory? 

MEMORY

Definition: it means gathering of experience or knowledge. It is defined as the ability to alter the behaviour on the basis of experience. Memory is ability to retain knowledge for future use.

Learning-the simplest form of learning is habituation. It happens at all levels of nervous system. By this we learn to ignore not so important information. Sensitization:- By this we become more receptive or sensitive to some sorts of information.

These types of learning are called as non-associative learning because these are not associated with any other stimulus.

Associative learning :- It is also known as conditioning. Here a stimulus is associated with another.

E.g Pavlov's experiment.

An operant conditioning the animal learns to repeat a behaviour which is rewarding or learns to avoid a behaviour associated with punishment. Reward and punishment help to reinforce the process of learning. Motivation and attention expedite the process of learning. Motivation itself draws attention. E.g. a motivated and attentive student can quickly learn many things. Reward and punishment bring about motivation and attention through positive and negative reinforcement. Learning shows quick extinction or wear off if not repeated or if some external stimulus is applied.

Physiological basis of learning: Hypothesis :-

a. New neuronal circuits develops, which were not present before. 

b. If path is already present, new synapse is

developed activated newer contacts-especially purkinje, and

c. If synapse was already present it may get d. For this new neurotransmitter is synthesized or new receptors are developed e. Changes in dendritic areas making newer and

pyramidal cells.

Memory :-

Memory is the ability to store what is learned or experienced and can be recalled when in need in future. According to W.M.Rhyburn-"Memory is the power to store our experiences and to bring them into the field of consciousness some time after the experience have occurred".

Declarative memory :- is of three types depending upon the duration of storage of information.

1. Sensory memory

2. Primary memory(short term)

3. Secondary memory(long term)

1. Sensory memory/Ultra short memory :-

It means the ability to retain sensory signals in the of memory. 

sensory cortex for a very short interval of time following the sensory experience. These instantaneous sensory information remains in the brain for a short time and it can be used during the period. It can be scanned to pick up important point. It is the initial stage of memory

Eg. remembering a telephone number noted from the book. It can be replaced by new sensory signals. Primary memory-short term memory:-

This includes events of immediate past. The information is stored and recalled up to a few minutes, hours or days. Here information can be recalled with ease without much search. It is actually a period through which the memory is made permanent or consolidated. One important point about memory storage is everything of short term memory do not go into long term memory. There is a automatic selection. eg. some experience associated with strong emotional reactions is remembered well. eg. death of a close friend, jokes related to a topic is remembered but not the topic.

Long term memory-Secondary memory, Permanent memory, Fixed memory :- flere information is stored for a very long time even for

several years and can be recalled at any later time. It is permanent and can not be crased.

Memory disorders-Amnesia

Amnesia means loss of memory.

 1. Anterograde amnesia:- New information collected cannot be stored as memory, no new memory formation. But memory already stored remains unaffected. Cause: lesion of temporal lobe involving

hippocampus and also in Korsakoff psychosis. 2. Retrograde amnesia :- Inability to recall memories of past.

Cause: brain injuries of cerebral cortex or thalamus which is needed for search of memory.

3. Senile dementia: Forgetting in old age.