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Calcium:(ca++)

Total calcium withinside the human frame is set 1 to 1.five kg, 99% of that's visible in bone and 1% in extracellular fluid. Sources: Milk is a great supply for calcium. Egg, fish, meat and veggies are medium reassets for calcium. Cereals comprise simplest small quantity of calcium. Daily Requirement: An person wishes 500 mg/day and a baby approximately 1200 mg/day. Normal value: The ordinary serum stage of calcium is 9-11mg/dl.

Absorption:

Absorption is taking vicinity from the primary and 2d a part of duodenum. Factors Causing Increased Absorption i. Vitamin D: Calcitriol induces the synthesis of the provider protein Calbindin withinside the intestinal epithelial cells, and so helps the absorption of calcium ii. Parathyroid hormone: It will increase calcium delivery from the intestinal cells. iii. Acidity favors calcium absorption. iv. Amino acids: Lysine and arginine boom calcium absorption.

Factors Causing Decreased Absorption:

i. Phytic acid: Hexaphosphate of inositol is found in cereals. Fermentation and cooking lessen phytate content material.

ii. Oxalates: They are found in a few leafy veggies, which motive formation of insoluble calcium oxalates.

iii. Malabsorption syndromes: Fatty acid isn't absorbed, inflicting formation of insoluble calcium salt of fatty acid.

iv. Phosphate: High phosphate content material will motive precipitation as calcium phosphate.

Biochemical capabilities of calcium:

Muscle:

Calcium mediates excitation and contraction of muscle fibers. Nerve condition:

Calcium is essential for transmission of nerve impulses. Secretion of Hormones :

Calcium mediates secretion of Insulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vasopressin, etc. from the cells.

Second Messenger :

Calcium and cyclic AMP are 2d messengers of various hormones.

Coagulation :

Calcium is called aspect IV in blood coagulation mechanism.

Myocardium :

Ca++ prolongs systole. Bone and Teeth Calcium is used for bone and tooth formation.

Bone Mineralization :

Factors Regulating Blood Calcium Level Vitamin D Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Deficiency manifestations: Hypercalcemia :

The time period denotes that the blood calcium stage is greater than eleven mg/dL.

Hypocalcemia:

When serum calcium stage is much less than eight.eight mg/dL, it's far hypocalcemia.

Tetany can be because of unintentional surgical elimination of parathyroid glands or with the aid of using autoimmune diseases. In tetany, neuromuscular irritability is increased. Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis.

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