Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg) the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the graduate program for teaching mathematics and physics at the Swiss Federal School in Zurich, graduating in 1900..

In 1901, he received Swiss citizenship, which he held all his life. In 1903, he was appointed to a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he successfully defended his doctoral thesis at the University of Zurich. In 1914 he moved to Berlin to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin..

                 In 1917 he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics and regained German citizenship as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia. Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 while Einstein was on tour in the United States. Horrified by the massacre of other Jews by the Nazis, Einstein decided to stay in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940..

Before World War II began, he wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him about the potential German nuclear weapons program and suggesting that the United States start conducting similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but was extremely worried about the idea of nuclear weapons.
 

Einstein's contributions also had an impact on the field of philosophy of science. In 1905, he penned four groundbreaking works, referred to as his impressive year. These documents presented a theory on the photoelectric effect, elucidated Brownian motion, discussed his special theory of relativity, which aimed to address the limitations of classical mechanics in explaining the electromagnetic field's behavior, and showed that if the special theory is accurate, mass and energy are interchangeable.

       In 1915, Einstein introduced a comprehensive theory of relativity that broadened his system of mechanics to encompass gravity. In the year that followed, Einstein released a cosmology paper that detailed the impact of general relativity on describing the organization and development of the universe in its entirety.
 

                   In the middle stages of his life, Einstein provided important advancements to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. His research on radiation quantum mechanics, where he explains that light is composed of particles called photons, was especially remarkable. He co-created Bose-Einstein statistics with Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. During his last years in academia, Einstein dedicated his attention to two projects which ultimately did not succeed.

Initially, he objected to the integration of fundamental randomness in science through quantum theory, arguing that "God does not play dice". Next, he tried to create a unified field theory by extending his gravitational geometric theory to include electromagnetism. Consequently, he became increasingly isolated from the predominant trends in contemporary physics. In a 1999 survey of 130 leading scientists from around the globe, Physics World, a British journal, named Einstein as the most exceptional physicist in history.

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