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In a world of ticking clocks and swaying pendulums, marking the passage of time is as easy as keeping track of the seconds between "then" and "now."

But 'then' can't always be predicted down at the quantum size of buzzing electrons. Even worse, "now" frequently dissolves into a cloud of doubt. In some situations, a stopwatch will not enough.

According to academics at Uppsala University in Sweden, a potential answer might be found in the geometry of the quantum fog itself.

Their research on the wave-like properties of a phenomenon known as a Rydberg state has led to the discovery of a revolutionary method for measuring time that doesn't require a specific starting point.

In the world of particles, Rydberg atoms are like over-inflated balloons. These atoms are laser-inflated and have electrons orbiting far from the nucleus in extremely high energy states.

Of course, an atom doesn't have to be blown up to comical proportions with every laser pump. In reality, to stimulate electrons into higher energy states for a number of applications, lasers are frequently used.

Engineers can use the ability to induce Rydberg states in atoms to their advantage, not least when creating unique parts for quantum computers. It goes without saying that physicists have learned a lot about how electrons behave when pushed into a Rydberg state.

However, because they are quantum animals, their movements resemble an evening spent playing roulette rather than beads sliding around on a tiny abacus. Every ball roll and jump is combined into a single game of chance.

Rydberg wave packets are the mathematical playbook for this crazy game of Rydberg electron roulette.

Just like real waves in a pond, multiple Rydberg wave packets traveling in a room cause interference, resulting in unique wave patterns. Throw enough Rydberg wavepackets into the same atomic pond, and each of these unique patterns represents a different amount of time it takes for the wavepackets to evolve in harmony with each other.

It is precisely these time 'fingerprints' that the physicists behind this latest set of experiments wanted to test, consistent and reliable enough to serve as a form of quantum timestamp. showed that there is

Her work includes measuring the results of laser-excited helium atoms and comparing the results with theoretical predictions to show how those characteristic effects persist. 

Importantly, no fingerprint requires then and now to act as a starting and ending point in time. It's like measuring the race of an unknown sprinter against a series of competitors running at a set speed. One could observe event timestamps as short as 1.7 trillionths of a second.

Future quantum clock experiments may replace helium with other atoms or use laser pulses of different energies to expand the time-stamping handbook to cover a wider range of conditions. 

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