It has been proposed that quarks and leptons have more basic particles called rishon.  T rishon can be defined as mass and charge e / 3.  V rishon is neutral and has little or no mass.  Rishis have a spin 1/2, have a color charge, and combine in triple or rishon-antirishon pairs.  Thus the electron is a TTT, neutrino VVV, down quark TVV and up quark TTV.  If T has a somewhat higher color charge than V, then the down quark will have a net excess of color carried by T.  Anti-quark TTV will show a net decrease of color carried by the V, or equivalently, an excess of anticolor, and behaves as an antiparticle.  Therefore TTV will behave as an excess of color and a particle in agreement with observations.  Lepton has no pure color.  There is no need for hyper color.

 All particle interactions involve the rearrangement of Rishon, or the formation or destruction of Rishon – Antirishon pairs.  For example, beta-decay occurs when a down quark changes into an up quark, emitting an electron and a neutrino:

 TVV -> TTY + TTT + VVV

 The neutrinos were said to be composed of particles devoid of fluid values;  It was later defined as an antinutrino.  This model is the first choice.

 If the bond between sages is much greater than the bond between quarks or leptons, then quarks and leptons can associate without losing their identity, such as atoms can form molecules.  If the VVV is assigned a negative lepton number then the lepton number is also preserved.

 The second and third generations of electrons and quarks can be formed by adding one or two TT pairs to the first generation.  The second and third generations of neutrinos can be formed by adding one or two VV pairs to the first generation.  The force that binds the sages is obviously so great that different ripple wave functions simultaneously fall into only one wave function, in which case there will be no internal structure.

 The effective mass of TTV is approximately equal to that of TVV, which means that the binding energy in the TT bond is approximately equal to the bare mass of one T.  The electron has three T's and three bonds and must therefore have a much lower mass than it.  A quark, as seen.  The muon derives most of its mass from the TT and must have a mass larger than that of a quark, as seen.

 Boson carriers of weak force probably consist of the sages required to form decay products.  Photons can have a colorless VV pair;  For example, anti-red.  Gluon may have a colored VV pair, for example red-entw.  Therefore the weak force can only be the color force exerted by the weak bosons;  The electromagnetic force is the color force exerted by photons, and the strong force is the color force exerted by gluons, masons, quarks, and possibly other hadrons.

 A real TT will be annihilated, while a virtual pair can help carry strong force.  A bare raisin, a TV, TV, TT, or VV will carry pure color and, like Quark, will not be seen in isolation.

 The proton has two up quarks and one down quark, so the hydrogen atom has four T, four T, two V and two V.  If it typifies the entire universe, it contains an equal amount of sages and antigens.

 Another might infer that the emission and absorption of virtual particles are just Hawking radiation.  The spacetime around a region can only be quantum states.  The large spin of a relation will terminate the spherical symmetric S states, with three P states with coordinates extending over time, and three P states coordinated with coordinated time.  They can be identified with three colors and three anticolors.  The difference in time co-ordinates will cause slight differences in the reaction rates of sages and antiregions, explaining why hydrogen is more abundant than antihydrogen.  Another possibility is that sages and antigens have opposite feelings and that differences in response rates are due to similarity violations.  The sages may have called themselves units of spacetime.  V rishon can be the lowest P state, and T rishon can be the next highest P state.  Thus T and V will be similar, but somewhat mismatched, as observed.

 If this type of model is correct, it will be the basis of the long-expected integrated field theory.  Strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces are the color forces exerted only by intermediates, and the color force can only be identified by quantum gravity, which has a normal gravitational long-range range.

 Ham Harari, "The Structure of Quarks and Leptons," Scientific American, p.56, April 1983.

 Word count: 801

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